Wednesday, April 22, 2015

Thermosets



Dr. Dmitri Kopeliovich

Thermosets are Polymers which do not melt when heated.
Thermosets molecules are cross-linked by strong covalent intermolecular bonds, forming one giant molecule.
Cross-linking is irreversible therefore thermosets can not be reprocessed (re-melt).
Cross-linking is achieved in curing process initiated by heat, chemical agents or radiation.

Before curing processing thermoset materials are stored in partially polymerized condition.
Vulcanization (cross-linking, curing) results in sharp increase of strength, elasticity and stability of thermosets.
Thermosets are stronger and stiffer than Thermoplastics. Stiffness of thermosets is even higher than some metals (aluminum).
Thermosets also have higher thermal, chemical and creep resistance than thermoplastics.
Thermoset materials may contain filler materials in form of powder or fibers, providing improvement of specific material properties (strength, stiffness, Modulus of Elasticity, thermal resistance, lubricity).
Common filler materials are glass in various forms, metal powders, Graphite or molybdenum disulfide powder.
Thermoset groups:
  • Amino Resins

Properties and applications of some thermosets


Discuss the article and ask questions in our Materials Forum

Related internal links

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/class.htm
http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/BIO2200_notes/polymers.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~woodadam/GCH6101/Important%20polymers.pdf
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2014-15%20-%20Polymers.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Mechanical-Engineering/2-008Spring2004/5EB113FF-BB3B-4047-98B6- 3152548F9D45/0/04_polymer_1_6_f.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/me355/Lectures/Sp2006/lecture19-20%20Polymer,%20Polymer% 20Processing,%20composites.ppt
http://www.engr.siu.edu/staff2/deruntz/IT208/Chapter%2018%20Manufacturing%20with%20Plastics.ppt
to Polymers

Thermoset Epoxy (EP)

(submitted by the website administration)
Thermoset
Epoxy (EP)
Property
Value in metric unit
Value in US unit
Density
1.15 *10³
kg/m³
71.8
lb/ft³
Modulus of elasticity
21
GPa
3040
ksi
Tensile strength
140
MPa
20000
psi
Elongation
4
%
4
%
Flexural yield strength
240
MPa
35000
psi
Compressivestrength
225
MPa
32000
psi
Thermal expansion (20 ºC)
31*10-6
ºCˉ¹
17*10-6
in/(in* ºF)
Thermal conductivity
0.17
W/(m*K)
1.18
BTU*in/(hr*ft²*ºF)
Specific heat capacity
1100
J/(kg*K)
0.26
BTU/(lb*ºF)
Maximum work temperature
200
ºC
400
ºF
  • High strength;
  • Excellent corrosion resistance;
  • Excellent dimension stability;
  • Excellent toughness;
  • Good dielectrical properties;
  • Low shrinkage;
  • Good adhesion.
Applications: electrical molding, electrical circuits (reinforced with glass fiber), protective coating, pipe fittings, adhesive, rocket motors components (reinforced with glass-filament-wound), sinks, coating for wear resistant industrial floors, encapsulation.

Related internal links

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/class.htm
http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/BIO2200_notes/polymers.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~woodadam/GCH6101/Important%20polymers.pdf
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2014-15%20-%20Polymers.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Mechanical-Engineering/2-008Spring2004/5EB113FF-BB3B-4047-98B6-3152548F9D45/0/04_polymer_1_6_f.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/me355/Lectures/Sp2006/lecture19-20%20Polymer,%20Polymer%20Processing,%20composites.ppt
http://www.engr.siu.edu/staff2/deruntz/IT208/Chapter%2018%20Manufacturing%20with%20Plastics.ppt
to Thermosets
to Properties of polymers
thermoset_epoxy_ep.txt · Last modifi

Thermoset Unsaturated Polyester (UP)

(submitted by the website administration)
Thermoset
Unsaturated Polyester (UP)
Property
Value in metric unit
Value in US unit
Density
1.16 *10³
kg/m³
72.4
lb/ft³
Modulus of elasticity
19
GPa
2700
ksi
Tensile strength
190
MPa
27000
psi
Elongation
3
%
3
%
Flexural yield strength
310
MPa
45000
psi
Compressivestrength
230
MPa
33000
psi
Thermal expansion (20 ºC)
31*10-6
ºCˉ¹
17*10-6
in/(in* ºF)
Thermal conductivity
0.17
W/(m*K)
1.18
BTU*in/(hr*ft²*ºF)
Maximum work temperature
170
ºC
325
ºF
  • Excellent rigidity;
  • High strength;
  • High creep strength;
  • Excellent dielectrical properties;
  • Good chemical resistance;
Applications: fiberglass boats, building panels, fans, fences, helmets, compressor housing, auto body components, bathroom accessories.

Related internal links

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/class.htm
http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/BIO2200_notes/polymers.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~woodadam/GCH6101/Important%20polymers.pdf
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2014-15%20-%20Polymers.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Mechanical-Engineering/2-008Spring2004/5EB113FF-BB3B-4047-98B6-3152548F9D45/0/04_polymer_1_6_f.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/me355/Lectures/Sp2006/lecture19-20%20Polymer,%20Polymer%20Processing,%20composites.ppt
http://www.engr.siu.edu/staff2/deruntz/IT208/Chapter%2018%20Manufacturing%20with%20Plastics.ppt
to Thermosets
to Properties of polymers
thermoset_unsaturated_polyester_up.txt · Last modified: 2008/05/1

Thermoset Phenolics (PF)

(submitted by the website administration)
Thermoset
Phenolics (PF)
Property
Value in metric unit
Value in US unit
Density
1.28 *10³
kg/m³
80.0
lb/ft³
Modulus of elasticity
13
GPa
1880
ksi
Tensile strength
50
MPa
7000
psi
Elongation
1
%
1
%
Flexural yield strength
62
MPa
9000
psi
Compressivestrength
150
MPa
22000
psi
Thermal expansion (20 ºC)
48*10-6
ºCˉ¹
30*10-6
in/(in* ºF)
Maximum work temperature
120
ºC
250
ºF
  • High hardness;
  • Brittle;
  • Excellent thermal stability;
  • Very good dielectric properties.
Applications: wiring devices, lamps holders, switchboards, bottle caps, automotive parts, plugs and switches, handles on kitchen utensils (filled with mineral fibers), motor housings, welding tongs, ashtrays.

Related internal links

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/class.htm
http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/BIO2200_notes/polymers.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~woodadam/GCH6101/Important%20polymers.pdf
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2014-15%20-%20Polymers.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Mechanical-Engineering/2-008Spring2004/5EB113FF-BB3B-4047-98B6-3152548F9D45/0/04_polymer_1_6_f.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/me355/Lectures/Sp2006/lecture19-20%20Polymer,%20Polymer%20Processing,%20composites.ppt
http://www.engr.siu.edu/staff2/deruntz/IT208/Chapter%2018%20Manufacturing%20with%20Plastics.ppt
to Thermosets
to Properties of polymers
thermoset_phenolics_pf.txt · Last modifie

Thermoset Urea Formaldehyde (UF)

(submitted by the website administration)
Thermoset
Urea Formaldehyde (UF)
Property
Value in metric unit
Value in US unit
Density (cellulose filled)
1.55 *10³
kg/m³
96.8
lb/ft³
Modulus of elasticity
9
GPa
1300
ksi
Tensile strength
65
MPa
9500
psi
Elongation
0.8
%
0.8
%
Flexural yield strength
100
MPa
14000
psi
Compressivestrength
240
MPa
35000
psi
Thermal expansion (20 ºC)
29*10-6
ºCˉ¹
16*10-6
in/(in* ºF)
Maximum work temperature
80
ºC
170
ºF
  • High hardness (higher than phenolics);
  • Brittle;
  • High toughness;
  • Scratch resistant;
  • Opaque.
Applications: dinnerware, protective coatings, adhesives, lighting fixtures, heavy duty electrical equipment, decorative laminates.

Related internal links

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/class.htm
http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/BIO2200_notes/polymers.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~woodadam/GCH6101/Important%20polymers.pdf
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2014-15%20-%20Polymers.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Mechanical-Engineering/2-008Spring2004/5EB113FF-BB3B-4047-98B6-3152548F9D45/0/04_polymer_1_6_f.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/me355/Lectures/Sp2006/lecture19-20%20Polymer,%20Polymer%20Processing,%20composites.ppt
http://www.engr.siu.edu/staff2/deruntz/IT208/Chapter%2018%20Manufacturing%20with%20Plastics.ppt
to Thermosets
to Properties of polymers
thermoset_urea_formaldehyde_uf.txt · Last mo

Thermoset Melamine Formaldehyde (MF)

(submitted by the website administration)
Thermoset
Melamine Formaldehyde (MF)
Property
Value in metric unit
Value in US unit
Density (cellulose filled)
1.55 *10³
kg/m³
96.8
lb/ft³
Modulus of elasticity
12
GPa
1800
ksi
Tensile strength
65
MPa
9500
psi
Elongation
0.6
%
0.6
%
Flexural yield strength
140
MPa
20000
psi
Compressivestrength
240
MPa
35000
psi
Thermal expansion (20 ºC)
29*10-6
ºCˉ¹
16*10-6
in/(in* ºF)
Maximum work temperature
150
ºC
300
ºF
  • Very high hardness (higher than phenolics);
  • Brittle;
  • High toughness;
  • Scratch resistant;
  • Opaque.
Applications: table tops, dinnerware, protective coatings, adhesives, lighting fixtures, heavy duty electrical equipment, decorative laminates.

Related internal links

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/class.htm
http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/BIO2200_notes/polymers.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~woodadam/GCH6101/Important%20polymers.pdf
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2014-15%20-%20Polymers.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Mechanical-Engineering/2-008Spring2004/5EB113FF-BB3B-4047-98B6-3152548F9D45/0/04_polymer_1_6_f.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/me355/Lectures/Sp2006/lecture19-20%20Polymer,%20Polymer%20Processing,%20composites.ppt
http://www.engr.siu.edu/staff2/deruntz/IT208/Chapter%2018%20Manufacturing%20with%20Plastics.ppt
to Thermosets
to Properties of polymers

Thermoset Alkyds (AMC)

(submitted by the website administration)
Thermoset
Alkyds (AMC)
Property
Value in metric unit
Value in US unit
Modulus of elasticity
12
GPa
1800
ksi
Tensile strength
45
MPa
6500
psi
Flexural yield strength
90
MPa
13000
psi
Compressivestrength
170
MPa
25000
psi
Thermal expansion (20 ºC)
36*10-6
ºCˉ¹
20*10-6
in/(in* ºF)
Maximum work temperature
190
ºC
375
ºF
  • Good rigidity;
  • High toughness;
  • Good color stability;
  • Good dimensional stability;
  • Good dielectric properties.
Applications: circuit breakers, switch gears, colored parts.

Related internal links

Related external links

http://www.virginia.edu/bohr/mse209/class.htm
http://bioe.eng.utoledo.edu/adms_staffs/akkus/BIO2200_notes/polymers.pdf
http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~woodadam/GCH6101/Important%20polymers.pdf
http://www.eng.uwo.ca/es021/ES021a_2006/Lecture%20Notes/Chap%2014-15%20-%20Polymers.pdf
http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Mechanical-Engineering/2-008Spring2004/5EB113FF-BB3B-4047-98B6-3152548F9D45/0/04_polymer_1_6_f.pdf
http://courses.washington.edu/courseli/me355/Lectures/Sp2006/lecture19-20%20Polymer,%20Polymer%20Processing,%20composites.ppt
http://www.engr.siu.edu/staff2/deruntz/IT208/Chapter%2018%20Manufacturing%20with%20Plastics.ppt
to Thermosets
to Properties of polymers
thermoset_alkyds_amc.txt · La


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